Papers with pretrained LLMs
Embodied Executable Policy Learning with Language-based Scene Summarization (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing Large Language models with text inputs lack the capability to evolve with non-expert interactions with environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel learning paradigm that generates robots’ executable actions in the form of text, derived solely from visual observations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed learning paradigm surpasses baselines and can adapt to the target tasks effectively. |
In-Context Example Ordering Guided by Label Distributions (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Prior work has shown that ICL is sensitive to different natural language instructions and different orderings of in-context examples. |
| Approach: | They propose two principles for in-context example ordering guided by model’s probability predictions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on 13 text classification datasets and nine autoregressive LLMs with 700M to 13B parameters. |
Native Hybrid Attention for Efficient Sequence Modeling (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that NHA surpasses Transformers on recall-intensive tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a hybrid architecture of linear and full attention that integrates both into a unified layer design. |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture surpasses Transformers and other hybrid baselines on recall-intensive and commonsense reasoning tasks. |
Formality is Favored: Unraveling the Learning Preferences of Large Language Models on Data with Conflicting Knowledge (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models have shown excellent performance on knowledge-intensive tasks, but pretraining data tends to contain misleading and conflicting information. |
| Approach: | They systematically analyze LLMs’ learning preferences for data with conflicting knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms human-level models on knowledge-intensive tasks by analyzing pretraining data. |
Efficient Sequential Decision Making with Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to retrain or finetune large language models (LLMs) for decision making suffer from computational burden of gradient updates. |
| Approach: | They propose a model selection algorithm that leverages online model selection algorithms to efficiently incorporate LLMs agents into sequential decision making. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms both traditional decision making algorithms and vanilla LLM agents on a large-scale Amazon dataset. |
GALLa: Graph Aligned Large Language Models for Improved Source Code Understanding (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Programming languages have rich semantics that are represented by graphs and not available from the surface form of source code. |
| Approach: | They propose to use graph neural networks and cross-modal alignment technologies to inject structural information of code into LLMs as an auxiliary task during finetuning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on five code tasks with six different baseline LLMs, while incurring no cost at inference time. |
To Think or Not to Think: The Hidden Cost of Meta-Training with Excessive CoT Examples (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting and in-context learning (ICL) have unlocked significant reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a meta-training technique to learn reasoning tasks in-context using CoT examples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods improve performance on novel reasoning tasks even when there are no CoT examples available in-context. |
Self-EmoQ: Plutchik-Guided Value-based Planning to Drive Streaming Emotional TTS (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing systems lack a self-emotion determination mechanism to drive the streaming text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. |
| Approach: | They propose an emotion-planning framework that determines the emotion prior to the textual generation, grounding the downstream emotional TTS in a streaming manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines on DailyDialog, EmoryNLP, IMEOCAP, and MELD on emotional alignment, contextual coherence, and expressive fluency. |
Semantic-Aware Action Space Compression via LLM-DRL Synergy for Efficient Task-oriented Dialogue Policy Exploration (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) with world knowledge and semantic understanding are promising for task-oriented dialogue systems. |
| Approach: | a framework that synergizes pre-trained large language models with DRL is proposed . a lightweight action pruning mechanism is employed to eliminate implausible actions . |
| Outcome: | a new framework synergizes pre-trained large language models with DRL to guide decision-making . the proposed framework eliminates semantically implausible or low-potential actions from multi-turn dialogue context . |
Mixture-of-Personas Language Models for Population Simulation (2025.findings-acl)
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Ngoc Bui, Hieu Trung Nguyen, Shantanu Kumar, Julian Theodore, Weikang Qiu, Viet Anh Nguyen, Rex Ying
| Challenge: | Pretrained LLMs fail to capture behavioral diversity of target populations due to inherent variability across individuals and groups. |
| Approach: | They propose a probabilistic prompting method that aligns LLM responses with the target population. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that the proposed method outperforms competing methods in alignment and diversity metrics. |